Francis Bacon - The Essays 1601
OF BUILDING
Houses are built to live in,
and not to look on;
therefore let use be preferred before uniformity,
except where both may be had.
Leave the goodly fabrics of houses, for beauty only,
to the enchanted palaces of the poets;
who build them with small cost.
He that builds a fair house,
upon an ill seat,
committeth himself to prison.
Neither do I reckon
it an ill seat,
only where the air is unwholesome;
but likewise where the air is unequal;
as you shall see
many fine seats set
upon a knap of ground,
environed with higher hills round about it;
whereby the heat of
the sun is pent in,
and the wind gathereth as in troughs;
so as you shall have, and that suddenly,
as great diversity of
heat and cold as
if you dwelt in several places.
Neither is it ill
air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets; and,
if you will consult with Momus, ill neighbors.
I speak not of many more; want of water; want of wood, shade, and shelter; want of fruitfulness,
and mixture of grounds of several natures; want of prospect;
want of level grounds;
want of places at
some near distance for sports of hunting, hawking, and races;
too near the sea, too remote;
having the commodity of navigable rivers,
or the discommodity of their overflowing;
too far off from great cities,
which may hinder business,
or too near them,
which lurcheth all provisions,
and maketh everything dear;
where a man hath
a great living laid together,
and where he is scanted: all which,
as it is impossible
perhaps to find together,
so it is good to know them,
and think of them,
that a man may
take as many as he can;
and if he have several dwellings,
that he sort them so,
that what he wanteth in the one,
he may find in the other.
Lucullus answered Pompey well; who,
when he saw his stately galleries,
and rooms so large and lightsome,
in one of his houses, said,
Surely an excellent place for summer,
but how do you in winter? Lucullus answered, Why,
do you not think
me as wise as some fowl are,
that ever change their
abode towards the winter?
To pass from the seat,
to the house itself;
we will do as
Cicero doth in the orator's art;
who writes books De Oratore,
and a book he entitles Orator; whereof the former,
delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter, the perfection.
We will therefore describe a princely palace,
making a brief model thereof.
For it is strange to see, now in Europe,
such huge buildings as
the Vatican and Escurial
and some others be,
and yet scarce a
very fair room in them. First, therefore,
I say you cannot
have a perfect palace
except you have two several sides;
a side for the banquet,
as it is spoken
of in the book of Hester,
and a side for the household;
the one for feasts and triumphs,
and the other for dwelling.
I understand both these
sides to be not only returns,
but parts of the front;
and to be uniform without,
though severally partitioned within;
and to be on
both sides of a
great and stately tower,
in the midst of the front, that, as it were,
joineth them together on either hand.
I would have on
the side of the banquet, in front,
one only goodly room above stairs,
of some forty foot high;
and under it a
room for a dressing, or preparing place,
at times of triumphs.
On the other side,
which is the household side,
I wish it divided at the first,
into a hall and a chapel (with a partition between);
both of good state and bigness;
and those not to
go all the length,
but to have at the further end,
a winter and a summer parlor, both fair.
And under these rooms,
a fair and large cellar, sunk under ground;
and likewise some privy kitchens,
with butteries and pantries, and the like.
As for the tower,
I would have it two stories,
of eighteen foot high apiece,
above the two wings;
and a goodly leads upon the top,
railed with statuas interposed;
and the same tower
to be divided into rooms,
as shall be thought fit.
The stairs likewise to the upper rooms,
let them be upon
a fair open newel,
and finely railed in,
with images of wood,
cast into a brass color;
and a very fair landing-place at the top.
But this to be,
if you do not
point any of the lower rooms,
for a dining place of servants. For otherwise,
you shall have the servants'
dinner after your own:
for the steam of it,
will come up as in a tunnel.
And so much for the front.
Only I understand the
height of the first
stairs to be sixteen foot,
which is the height
of the lower room. Beyond this front,
is there to be a fair court,
but three sides of it,
of a far lower
building than the front.
And in all the
four corners of that court, fair staircases, cast into turrets, on the outside,
and not within the
row of buildings themselves. But those towers,
are not to be
of the height of the front,
but rather proportionable to the lower building.
Let the court not be paved,
for that striketh up
a great heat in summer,
and much cold in winter.
But only some side alleys, with a cross,
and the quarters to graze, being kept shorn,
but not too near shorn.
The row of return
on the banquet side,
let it be all stately galleries:
in which galleiies let there be three, or five,
fine cupolas in the length of it,
placed at equal distance;
and fine colored windows of several works.
On the household side,
chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers;
and let all three
sides be a double house,
without thorough lights on the sides,
that you may have
rooms from the sun,
both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also,
that you may have rooms,
both for summer and winter; shady for summer,
and warm for winter.
You shall have sometimes
fair houses so full of glass,
that one cannot tell where to become,
to be out of
the sun or cold. For inbowed windows,
I hold them of good use (in cities, indeed, upright do better,
in respect of the
uniformity towards the street);
for they be pretty
retiring places for conference; and besides,
they keep both the
wind and sun off;
for that which would
strike almost through the room,
doth scarce pass the window.
But let them be but few,
four in the court,
on the sides only. Beyond this court,
let there be an inward court,
of the same square and height;
which is to be
environed with the garden on all sides;
and in the inside,
cloistered on all sides,
upon decent and beautiful arches,
as high as the first story.
On the under story, towards the garden,
let it be turned to a grotto,
or a place of shade, or estivation.
And only have opening
and windows towards the garden;
and be level upon the floor,
no whit sunken under ground,
to avoid all dampishness.
And let there be a fountain,
or some fair work of statuas,
in the midst of this court;
and to be paved
as the other court was.
These buildings to be
for privy lodgings on both sides;
and the end for privy galleries.
Whereof you must foresee
that one of them
be for an infirmary,
if the prince or
any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed-chamber, antecamera,
and recamera joining to it.
This upon the second story.
Upon the ground story, a fair gallery, open, upon pillars;
and upon the third story likewise, an open gallery, upon pillars,
to take the prospect
and freshness of the garden.
At both corners of the further side,
by way of return,
let there be two
delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged,
glazed with crystalline glass,
and a rich cupola in the midst;
and all other elegancy
that may be thought upon.
In the upper gallery
tool I wish that there may be,
if the place will yield it,
some fountains running in
divers places from the wall,
with some fine avoidances.
And thus much for
the model of the palace;
save that you must have,
before you come to the front, three courts.
A green court plain,
with a wall about it;
a second court of the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall;
and a third court,
to make a square with the front,
but not to be built,
nor yet enclosed with a naked wall,
but enclosed with terraces, leaded aloft, and fairly garnished,
on the three sides;
and cloistered on the inside, with pillars,
and not with arches below. As for offices,
let them stand at distance,
with some low galleries,
to pass from them
to the palace itself.
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